on homogeneous catalysis in which complexes with transition metal-to-carbon bonds play the key role in the catalytic cycles even if only as short-lived inter- mediates. Heterogeneous catalysis the phase of catalysts differs from that of the reactants or products. Heterogeneous catalysis ('surface catalysis') Reagents are in a different phase from the catalyst - usually the reagents are gases (or liquids) and are passed over a solid catalyst (e.g. catalytic convertors in car exhausts). Homogeneous Catalysis Dedicated to all who suffer as a result of the Italian earthquakes, especially in Camerino . Homogeneous Catalysis For example hydrolysis of sugar in the presence of sulphuric acid. In a homogeneous catalytic reaction, the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants. 20, Karlsruhe, Germany HELMUT KNOZINGER€, Department Chemie, Universit€at M €unchen, Butenandtstr. Typically, all the reactants and catalysts are either in one single liquid phase or gas phase. We illustrate each with an example. One type of homogeneous catalyst, an autocatalyst , is part of one of the reactants. 5 – 13 (Haus E), M €unchen, Germany 81377 KARL KOCHLOEFL, Schwarzenbergstr. Effect of Catalyst on Reaction Profile and Activation Energy Reaction profiles for the uncatalyzed and catalyzed decomposition of ozone ⇒ Homogeneous Catalysis. A representative example of a homogeneous catalyst of this class is (η 3 −allyl)Co[P(OMe) 3 ] 3 that carry out the deuteration of benzene to give the all- cis -C 6 H 6 D 6 compound. The major advantages/disadvantages of heterogeneous vs. homogeneous catalysts are summarized in Table 1. Examples of homogeneous catalysts for arene hydrogenation are rare though it is routinely achieved using catalysts like Rh/C under the heterogeneous conditions. is an increasing interest in this field of research from both an Thus, there academic and industrial point of view. Homogeneous catalysis Reagents and catalyst are all in the same phase (typically all are in solution). A homogeneous catalyst mixes the catalyst with the reactants, allowing it to speed up the reaction. 1.2.1 Homogeneous Catalysis In homogeneous catalysis, both the catalyst and the reactants are in the same phase, i.e. Biocatalysis It is customary to distinguish the following three subdisciplines in catalysis: homogeneous, heterogeneous and bio catalysis. Types of catalysis. Homogeneous catalysis. • Homogeneous- The catalyst and the reactants are in the same phase • Biological - Enzymes. Catalysis of chemical reactions is generally divided into two categories: Homogeneous Catalysis: Homogeneous catalysis of chemical reactions is a process where the reactants involved in the reaction and the catalyst are in the same phase. This makes homogeneous catalysts intrinsically more active and selective The development of homogeneous transition metal catalysts on the laboratory scale has demonstrated that these systems can be far superior to the equivalent heterogeneous systems, at least in terms of selectivity. … As a general picture, the main difference is the fact that in the case of homogeneous catalysts, every single catalytic entity can act as a single active site. Most industrial homogeneous catalytic processes are carried out in liquid phase. Thanks to: Paul Kamer University of St Andrews Bob Tooze Sasol Technology UK Ltd (St. Andrews) Piet van Leeuwen University of Amsterdam, ICIQ Tarragona . 15, Rosenheim, … Ester Heterogeneous Catalysis and Solid Catalysts OLAF DEUTSCHMANN, Institut f€ur Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Universit €at Karlsruhe (TH), Enges- serstr. , M €unchen, Butenandtstr Karlsruhe, Germany HELMUT KNOZINGER€, Department Chemie, Universit€at M €unchen, HELMUT. 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