The island is a bird paradise too. He sniffs her urine to see if she is in oestrus, a process exhibiting the flehmen response. The word 'kangaroo' derives from the Guugu Yimithirr word gangurru, referring to grey kangaroos. [10][11] The name was first recorded as "kanguru" on 12 July 1770 in an entry in the diary of Sir Joseph Banks; this occurred at the site of modern Cooktown, on the banks of the Endeavour River, where HMS Endeavour under the command of Lieutenant James Cook was beached for almost seven weeks to repair damage sustained on the Great Barrier Reef. Maroon with a white face and belly, males are often referred to as red flyers. Those who study kangaroos say the jab is just one part of a whole vocabulary of glances, hisses, avoidance hops, kicks, punches, gentle touches, and grooming. The egg (still contained in the shell membrane, a few micrometres thick, and with only a small quantity of yolk within it) descends from the ovary into the uterus. [27], Kangaroos have single-chambered stomachs quite unlike those of cattle and sheep, which have four compartments. [41] Oestrous females roam widely and attract the attention of males with conspicuous signals. In July 2011, a male red kangaroo attacked a 94-year-old woman in her own backyard as well as her son and two police officers responding to the situation. Wild kangaroos are shot for meat, leather hides, and to protect grazing land. Yes, indeed! Does the joey eliminate (pee and poop) in the pouch? See more ideas about kangaroo court, court, kangaroo. From our earliest years, the San Diego Zoo has had red and gray kangaroos, and a variety of wallaby species. Kangaroo hides were also sometimes used for recreation; in particular there are accounts of some tribes (Kurnai) using stuffed kangaroo scrotum as a ball for the traditional football game of marngrook. Once in the pouch, it fastens onto one of the four teats and starts to feed. The best-known macropods are the three widespread and common species of large kangaroos. Unlike many of the smaller macropods, kangaroos have fared well since European settlement. There it is fertilised and quickly develops into a neonate. [39] This process is known as polyphyodonty and, amongst other mammals, only occurs in elephants and manatees. Dingos are a red kangaroo’s only predator. Kangaroos are shy and retiring by nature, and in normal circumstances present no threat to humans. [27], The first kangaroo to be exhibited in the Western world was an example shot by John Gore, an officer on Captain Cook's ship, the HMS Endeavour, in 1770. Those living in the eastern coastal regions have long, silver-gray hair, while those found inland have short, dark gray hair. Confused about the difference between kangaroos, wallaroos, and wallabies? [23] If the female does not run away, the male will continue by licking, pawing, and scratching her, and copulation will follow. It is blind, hairless, and only a few centimetres long; its hindlegs are mere stumps; it instead uses its more developed forelegs to climb its way through the thick fur on its mother's abdomen into the pouch, which takes about three to five minutes. If there is more than one male in a mob, they compete for dominance by boxing. The female carries its young in a pocket of skin (called a pouch) on the front of its body. The term wallaby is an informal designation generally used for any macropod that is smaller than a kangaroo or a wallaroo that has not been designated otherwise. KANGAROO: (hopping, not slowing down) I don’t think I can “outrun” you, Dingo! In most species, the hind legs and feet are much larger and more powerful than the forelimbs. Listen to an example of this in the third sample below. Otherwise, they are quite similar. It is usually fed by its mother until reaching 18 months. The kangaroo is a symbol of Australia, appears on the Australian coat of arms[4] and on some of its currency,[5] and is used as a logo for some of Australia's most well-known organisations, such as Qantas,[6] and as the roundel of the Royal Australian Air Force. The female kangaroo is the doe, jill, or flyer. Either way, kangaroos are perhaps Australia's best-known animal and are found in stories, movies, and even as sports team mascots the world over! At this time, there was a radiation of macropodids characterised by enlarged body size and adaptation to the low quality grass diet with the development of foregut fermentation. This species can be over 6 feet (1.8 meters) tall and weigh up to 200 pounds (90 kilograms)! Because of its long feet, a kangaroo … During fighting, the combatants adopt a high standing posture and paw at each other's heads, shoulders and chests. The large kangaroos have adapted much better than the smaller macropods to land clearing for pastoral agriculture and habitat changes brought to the Australian landscape by humans. Smaller species of kangaroos also consume hypogeal fungi. Living in mobs can provide protection for some of the weaker members of the group. Larger kangaroos tend to feed in mobs, though the group size depends on the amount and quality of food that is available. Since kangaroos in mid-bound can reach speeds of around 50 km/h (31 mph) and are relatively heavy, the force of impact can be severe. This is known as embryonic diapause, and will occur in times of drought and in areas with poor food sources. [49], Kangaroo reproduction is similar to that of opossums. The propulsive force of the tail is equal to that of both the front and hind legs combined and performs as much work as what a human leg walking can at the same speed. [12] Cook first referred to kangaroos in his diary entry of 4 August. A kangaroo grows to a height of 3 to 8 feet. Likewise, when an adult kangaroo is injured in a collision, a vet, the RSPCA Australia or the National Parks and Wildlife Service can be consulted for instructions on proper care. The word kangaroo derives from the Guugu Yimithirr word gangurru, referring to eastern grey kangaroos. Marsupial of the family Macropodidae indigenous to Australia, This article is about the animal. [66] Low fat diets rich in CLA have been studied for their potential in reducing obesity and atherosclerosis. [58][59][60], There are very few records of kangaroos attacking humans without provocation; however, several such unprovoked attacks in 2004 spurred fears of a rabies-like disease possibly affecting the marsupials. Together we can save and protect wildlife around the globe. [14] Anthropologist Walter Roth was trying to correct this legend as far back as in 1898, but few took note until 1972 when linguist John B. Haviland in his research with the Guugu Yimithirr people was able to fully confirm the proper etymology. This kangaroo is second to the red kangaroo as the largest and heaviest living marsupial. The male will then proceed to approach her slowly to avoid alarming her. [7] The kangaroo is important to both Australian culture and the national image, and consequently there are numerous popular culture references. Wedge-tailed eagles and other raptors usually eat kangaroo carrion. Topics Animals b2. In 1960, we received our first tree kangaroos as a gift from the Taronga Zoo in Australia. It means "to walk through, about, or over; travel through, traverse." A well-known mammal: The word kangaroo often brings to mind a picture of a big, bounding critter with long ears and a baby, or joey, peeking out of its mother's pouch. Among those who would like to see kangaroo meat become part of the Australian diet is Dr. Peter Crowcroft, head of Taronga Park Zoo in Sydney and a specialist on kangaroos … [46] The tammar's genome was fully sequenced in 2011. The combination of these muscles and tendons working together helps kangaroos move efficiently. She received the RSPCA Australia National Animal Valour Award on 19 May 2004. The kangaroo’s hands may be used to fight; this is called boxing. Word Origin late 18th cent. They asked a nearby local what the creatures were called. Even today, Australia's national airline, Qantas, uses a bounding kangaroo for its logo. [23] From the Late Miocene through the Pliocene and into the Pleistocene the climate got drier, which led to a decline of forests and expansion of grasslands. [14][15] There are similar, more credible stories of naming confusion, such as with the Yucatán Peninsula. For kangaroos, the key benefit of hopping is not speed to escape predators—the top speed of a kangaroo is no higher than that of a similarly sized quadruped, and the Australian native predators are in any case less fearsome than those of other countries—but economy: in an infertile country with highly variable weather patterns, the ability of a kangaroo to travel long distances at moderately high speed in search of food sources is crucial to survival. Kangaroo meat is actually quite healthy. See more. "Genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, "The tammar wallaby: A model to examine endocrine and local control of lactation", "Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Kangaroos", "Kangaroo blindness and some other new viral diseases in Australia", "Rogue kangaroo attacks 94-year-old Phyllis Johnson", "Kangaroos can learn to communicate with humans, researchers say", "Kangaroos can learn to communicate with humans - study", "Students served kangaroo meat in chili at school without their knowledge", "Australians Hunt Kangaroos Commercially. Tiny short-nosed rat-kangaroos or bettongs live in burrows in arid scrubland. [54] Most individuals, however, do not reach maturity in the wild. July 2008", "Believe it or nuts. Aherrenge is a current kangaroo dreaming site in the Northern Territory.[57]. Sexual activity of kangaroos consists of consort pairs. The name kangaroo has an interesting story behind it. In addition, their ankle bones had an articulation that would have prohibited much lateral movements, an adaptation for bipedal hopping. Guugu Yimithirr is the language of the people of the area. [3] There are also the tree-kangaroos, another type of macropod, which inhabit the tropical rainforests of New Guinea, far northeastern Queensland and some of the islands in the region. [31] During a hop, the powerful gastrocnemius muscles lift the body off the ground while the smaller plantaris muscle, which attaches near the large fourth toe, is used for push-off. Like most marsupials, female kangaroos have a pouch called a marsupium in which joeys complete postnatal development. In 1965, workers on Kawau Island (near Auckland, New Zealand), http://zoonooz.sandiegozoo.org/zoonooz/say-gday/. Small vehicles may be destroyed, while larger vehicles may suffer engine damage. This is known as embryonic diapause, and will occur in times of drought and in areas with poor food sources. Honey possum newborns are the smallest of all mammal babies at less than a quarter-inch (5 millimeters) long. Oxford Collocations Dictionary Kangaroo is used before these nouns: court; See full entry. Along with dingoes, introduced species such as foxes, feral cats, and both domestic and feral dogs, pose a threat to kangaroo populations. [14], Kangaroos are often colloquially referred to as "roos". In addition, there were important Dreaming stories and ceremonies involving the kangaroo. Examples include the Australian national rugby league team (the Kangaroos) and the Australian national rugby union team (the Wallabies). Because they are mostly found in Australia, Australians see it as a national symbol. There are more than 50 species of these marsupials, and they vary in size from critters you could hold in your hands to the giant red kangaroo that stands as tall as an adult person. Different species of kangaroos have different diets, although all are strict herbivores. [27] The kangaroo performing the sniffing gains much information from smell cues. [33][34] They sometimes regurgitate the vegetation they have eaten, chew it as cud, and then swallow it again for final digestion. Realizing the commotion was shooters firing at kangaroos, his partner called the police. When the joey is born, it is about the size of a lima bean. [55][56], The kangaroo has always been a very important animal for Aboriginal Australians, for its meat, hide, bone, and tendon. Jun 23, 2014 - Explore Cristina Lipp's board "Kangaroo Court", followed by 175 people on Pinterest. They can bring the vegetation they've recently swallowed back up from one chamber, chew it as cud, and then swallow it again for final digestion. The pouch can get kind of smelly, though, so the mother cleans out her pouch from time to time. [1] Kangaroos are indigenous to Australia and New Guinea. Thanks to their large feet, kangaroos can leap some 30 feet (9 meters) in a single bound, and travel more than 30 miles (48 kilometers) per hour . From then on, it spends increasing time in the outside world and eventually, after about 235 days, it leaves the pouch for the last time. In a nation-wide competition held in 1978 for the XII Commonwealth Games by the Games Australia Foundation Limited in 1982, Hugh Edwards' design was chosen; a simplified form of six thick stripes arranged in pairs extending from along the edges of a triangular centre represent both the kangaroo in full flight, and a stylised "A" for Australia.[65]. Bonnet-mounted devices, designed to scare wildlife off the road with ultrasound and other methods, have been devised and marketed. A general idea of the relative size of these informal terms could be: Kangaroos have large, powerful hind legs, large feet adapted for leaping, a long muscular tail for balance, and a small head. When it is very small, the joey doesn’t produce much, and when it gets bigger, some is absorbed through the pouch lining. A. Milne's Winnie the Pooh books, or H. A. Rey's Katy No-Pocket from the story of the same name? The female kangaroo is usually pregnant in permanence, except on the day she gives birth; however, she has the ability to freeze the development of an embryo until the previous joey is able to leave the pouch. In comparison, a human embryo at a similar stage of development would be about seven weeks old, and premature babies born at less than 23 weeks are usually not mature enough to survive. The risk of harm or death to vehicle occupants is greatly increased if the windscreen is the point of impact. However, with the arrival of humans in Australia at least 50,000 years ago and the introduction of the dingo about 5,000 years ago, kangaroos have had to adapt. (90 kilograms).The smallest kangaroo is the musky rat-kangaroo. The largest species in the family are called "kangaroos" and the smallest are generally called "wallabies". Joeys often peek their head out of the pouch to have a look around weeks before they head out on their own. Kangaroos belong to the animal family Macropus, literally "big foot." Female kangaroos, called does, and their relatives give birth to tiny, underdeveloped young, called joeys, that are then carried in a special pouch—the marsupium, on the doe's body. Like their ground-dwelling relatives, tree 'roos are herbivores and leave their trees at night to eat vegetation and grubs. Talk about a spring in your step! This behavior enforces social cohesion without consequent aggression. However, most fights are preceded by two males scratching and grooming each other. Another egg descends into the uterus and she becomes sexually receptive. Researchers at the Australian Animal Health Laboratories in Geelong detected a virus called the Wallal virus in two species of midges, believed to have been the carriers. Inside the pouch, the joey attaches to a nipple and nurses for several months before venturing out into the world. The first glimpse of a kangaroo for many 18th-century Britons was a painting by George Stubbs. [27] One or both of them will adopt a high standing posture, with one male issuing a challenge by grasping the other male's neck with its forepaw. Kangaroos have a unique three-stage walk where they plant their front legs and tail first, then push off their tail, followed lastly by the back legs. [61][62], Kangaroos-even those that are non domesticated-[63] can communicate with humans, according to a research study. Kangaroo Island Penguin Centre is a great place to meet a colony of fairy penguins on the Kingscote foreshore. Young foxes are also called kits . [27] In highly competitive situations, such as males fighting for access to oestrous females or at limited drinking spots, the fights are brief. Because of its grazing habits, the kangaroo has developed specialized teeth that are rare among mammals. [65], The kangaroo and wallaby feature predominantly in Australian sports teams names and mascots. The kangaroo's muscular design lets it move in a way called saltation that is unique to macropods. The composition of the milk produced by the mother varies according to the needs of the joey. Walkabout Australia also features Matschie's tree kangaroos that show off their agility leaping from branch to branch and shimmying up and down tree trunks. In 1965, workers on Kawau Island (near Auckland, New Zealand) were attempting to reduce a population of tammar wallabies Macropus eugenii that had been introduced to the island years earlier and were now overrunning the place. The term "wallaroos" refers to species of an intermediate size. Other suggested causes for erratic and dangerous kangaroo behaviour include extreme thirst and hunger. The hydrogen byproduct of fermentation is instead converted into acetate, which is then used to provide further energy. The renewed interest in the parma wallaby produced another surprise: a few years later, a small population of them was discovered in the forests of New South Wales in Australia! (Columns/Posted 11/09/99)", "The Debunker: Where Does the Word "Kangaroo" Come From? The kangaroo's family name, Macropodidae, means "big feet," a great description for kangaroos and their relatives. That's understandable! Male kangaroos are called boomers, bucks or jacks; females are does, flyers, or jills, and the young ones are joeys. Perhaps the most commonly heard noise made by a kangaroo is the sound of it’s feet thumping the ground as it bounds away! In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this … After about 190 days, the baby (joey) is sufficiently large and developed to make its full emergence out of the pouch, after sticking its head out for a few weeks until it eventually feels safe enough to fully emerge. Think of a kangaroo's famous jabbing and boxing behavior as macropod sign language. Until one night when he heard the sound of gunshots piercing the quiet. A baby kangaroo is called a joey. [23] The most numerous early macropods, the Balbaridae and the Bulungmayinae, became extinct in the Late Miocene around 5–10 mya. A group of kangaroos is called a “mob.” When kangaroos gather in larger numbers they display complex social structures similar to hoofed mammals, such as horses or wildebeest. In 2003, Lulu, an eastern grey which had been hand-reared, saved a farmer's life by alerting family members to his location when he was injured by a falling tree branch. All three refer to members of the same taxonomic family, Macropodidae, and are distinguished according to size. Red kangaroo [23] Dominant males can avoid having to sort through females to determine their reproductive status by searching for tending bonds held by the largest male they can displace without a fight. I think I can out-hop you! Kangaroos are the only large animals to use hopping as a means of locomotion. ... What is a baby kangaroo called? In fact, kangaroos actually burn less energy the faster they hop, at least up to their cruising speed of 20 miles (32 kilometers) per hour. Registered trademarks of early Australian companies using the kangaroo included Yung, Schollenberger & Co. Walla Walla Brand leather and skins (1890); Arnold V. Henn (1892) whose emblem showed a family of kangaroos playing with a skipping rope; Robert Lascelles & Co. linked the speed of the animal with its velocipedes (1896); while some overseas manufacturers, like that of "The Kangaroo" safety matches (made in Japan) of the early 1900s, also adopted the symbol. I think I can out-hop you! Without visitors to offset our ongoing costs, Fights between kangaroos can be brief or long and ritualised. Nine out of ten animal collisions in Australia involve kangaroos. [50][51] Veterinarians also discovered fewer than 3% of kangaroos exposed to the virus developed blindness. Kangaroos dazzled by headlights or startled by engine noise often leap in front of cars. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo&oldid=1004323232, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Kangaroos are very interesting animals. However, this is a different, more strenuous, activity than it is in ruminants, and does not take place as frequently.[35]. For the kangaroo as a food, see, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, "Kangaroo Industry Background Kangaroo Industries Association of Australia. They Sometimes Drown Their Enemies. In addition to powerful leg muscles, kangaroos have a huge set of tendons in their tail that attach to the hipbones. As a result, "kangaroo crossing" signs are commonplace in Australia. Your tax-deductible gift will care for wildlife at the Zoo and Safari Park (It Makes Sense in Context. A kangaroo baby is carried in the pouch of his mother. The red kangaroo appears to be the most recently evolved kangaroo, with its fossil record not going back beyond the Pleistocene era, 1–2 mya. They were astonished to discover that some of the animals were not tammar wallabies at all but a miraculously surviving population of parma wallabies Macropus parma, a species thought extinct since the 1890s! The only reliably documented case of a fatality from a kangaroo attack occurred in New South Wales in 1936. [13] According to this legend, Cook and Banks were exploring the area when they happened upon the animal. [27], Brief fights are similar, except there is no forearm locking. There is also a link between the hopping action and breathing: as the feet leave the ground, air is expelled from the lungs; bringing the feet forward ready for landing refills the lungs, providing further energy efficiency. This would indicate that they were bipedal. Kangaroo meat has a high concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) compared with other foods, and is a rich source of vitamins and minerals. Their tail is long, muscular, and thick at the base, helping the animal balance and turn during hopping and providing support when it rests. Kangaroos are featured in the Rolf Harris song "Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport" and several Christmas carols. The main difference between a kangaroo and all the others is size: the six largest macropods are referred to as kangaroos. [48], Eye disease is rare but not new among kangaroos. your support is more crucial now than ever before. and provide a sustainable lifeline for endangered species worldwide. Kangaroos have a few natural predators. The red kangaroo is the fastest jumper in mammal land, bouncing up to almost 35 miles (56 kilometers) per hour. In addition, the mother is able to produce two different kinds of milk simultaneously for the newborn and the older joey still in the pouch. By 1996, the disease had spread "across the desert to Western Australia". [24] Species related to the modern grey kangaroos and wallaroos begin to appear in the Pliocene. [24] There is dispute over the relationships of the two groups to modern kangaroos and rat-kangaroos. [17] The collective noun for a group of kangaroos is a mob, court, or troupe.[18]. The first official report of kangaroo blindness took place in 1994, in central New South Wales. Red kangaroos prefer living in open, grassy plains, although they may also be found in scrubland and desert habitat; the slightly smaller gray kangaroos, which need more drinking water than reds, usually inhabit woodlands, though they graze in grassy meadows at night. A common myth about the kangaroo's English name is that it was a Guugu Yimithirr phrase for "I don't know" or "I don't understand". A hunter was killed when he tried to rescue his two dogs from a heated fray. They have excellent hearing and can swivel their large ears in all directions to pick up sounds. The local responded "kangaroo", said to mean "I don't know/understand", which Cook then took to be the name of the creature. [23] After copulation is over, the male will move on to another female. It was a collaboration between Australia (mainly funded by the State of Victoria) and the National Institutes of Health in the US. Council road signs often list phone numbers for callers to report injured animals. [23], Fighting has been described in all species of kangaroos. [49] Australian authorities were concerned the disease could spread to other livestock and possibly humans. When a kangaroo senses danger, it alerts its fellows by thumping its feet loudly on the ground! The length from the red kangaroo's head to its rump is 3.25 to 5.25 feet (1 to 1.6 meters) long. Studies of kangaroos and wallabies have demonstrated, beyond the minimum energy expenditure required to hop at all, increased speed requires very little extra effort (much less than the same speed increase in, say, a horse, dog or human), and the extra energy is required to carry extra weight. There are brush, scrub, swamp, forest, and rock wallabies, which should give some clue as to the vastly different habitats these creatures call their own. Kangaroos are social animals that live in groups of ten or more. A collision with a vehicle is capable of killing a kangaroo. Most kangaroos spend the day resting in the shade. [8] Although controversial, kangaroo meat has perceived health benefits for human consumption compared with traditional meats due to the low level of fat on kangaroos.[9]. The kangaroo was capsicum sprayed (pepper sprayed) and later put down after the attack. perambulate. [27] Dominant males may also pull grass to intimidate subordinate ones.[23]. [67][68], Kangaroo meat is sourced from wild animals and is seen by many as the best source of population control programs[69] as opposed to culling them as pests where carcasses are left in paddocks. The collective noun for kangaroos is a mob, troop or court. While interacting, kangaroos sniff each other’s noses. In fact, large kangaroos are the Australian equivalent of bison, deer, and cattle. The silica in grass is abrasive, so kangaroo molars are ground down and they actually move forward in the mouth before they eventually fall out, and are replaced by new teeth that grow in the back. Other extinct predators included the marsupial lion, Megalania and Wonambi. Kangaroo Island penguins on the Kingscote foreshore, Australian sea lions on Seal Bay, echidnas and goannas by the side of the road, and New Zealand fur seals at Admirals Arch. You can help us bring species back from the brink by supporting the San Diego Zoo Global Wildlife Conservancy. The kangaroo is a marsupial from the family Macropodidae (macropods, meaning "large foot"). As with the terms "wallaroo" and "wallaby", "kangaroo" refers to a paraphyletic grouping of species. Since the two sides of the lower jaw are not joined or fused together, the lower incisors are farther apart, giving the kangaroo a wider bite. Kangaroos and wallabies are adept swimmers, and often flee into waterways if presented with the option. Kangaroos, wallabies, wallaroos, quokkas, pademelons, potoroos, honey possums, and tree kangaroos are all macropods. [18] The size and stability of mobs vary between geographic regions,[23] with eastern Australia having larger and more stable aggregations than in arid areas farther west. The noise made by a kangaroo can best be described as a sort of gentle tut-tut sound. They also seem to grasp their opponents when they break contact and push them away. They are very social animals. Kangaroos use their strong tails for balance while jumping. Its tail adds another 35.5 to 43.5 inches (90 to 110 centimeters) to its length and its entire body weighs around 200 lbs. Macropods are herbivores, eating a wide range of plants. [30], Kangaroos and wallabies belong to the same taxonomic family (Macropodidae) and often the same genera, but kangaroos are specifically categorised into the four largest species of the family. This means that it hops, both feet pushing off the ground at the same time. The above might be a Shout-Out (or Take That!) The largest is the red kangaroo, which is found most often on the open plains of inland Australia and can live on very little water. Have to have a habitat: Red kangaroos and gray kangaroos are found in Australia’s savannas and open woodlands. Also communicate by grunting, coughing, or over ; travel through, about, or old.... ; this is called a kit and a variety of wallaby species, at.. The young are born at a time poop ) in the dense rain forest canopies of New Guinea built. Months before venturing out into the uterus and she becomes sexually receptive know another! 56 kilometers ) per hour heard the sound of gunshots piercing the quiet largest macropods are and! On 2 February 2021, at 01:39 a huge set of tendons in their hind legs see it as national... Place in 1994, in central New South Wales for them: leaves, flowers, ferns moss! The bulungmayines were the ancestors of rat-kangaroos and the national image, and killed... 'S heads, shoulders and chests grass close to the virus developed blindness winner is decided when kangaroo... Grazing land to over 100 kangaroos female and follow her every movement 's Katy No-Pocket the! Now extinct pepper sprayed ) and the national Institutes of Health in the eastern coastal have! S noses to push their opponents backwards or down to the red ’! See full entry for tens of thousands of years 19 may 2004 pouch of his mother endangered while... 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